Krashen's Five Hypotheses | |
The Natural Order Hypothesis | 'we acquire the rules of language in a predictable order' |
| The Acquisition/ Learning Hypothesis | 'adults have two distinctive ways of developing competences in second languages .. acquisition, that is by using language for real communication ... learning .. "knowing about" language' (Krashen & Terrell 1983) |
| The Monitor Hypothesis | 'conscious learning ... can only be used as a Monitor or an editor' (Krashen & Terrell 1983) |
| The Input Hypothesis | 'humans acquire language in only one way - by understanding messages or by receiving "comprehensible input"' |
| The Affective Filter Hypothesis | 'a mental block, caused by affective factors ... that prevents input from reaching the language acquisition device' (Krashen, 1985, p.100) |
Cognition is the scientific term for "the process of thought". Usage of the term varies in different disciplines; for example in psychology and cognitive science, it usually refers to an information processing view of an individual's psychological functions. Other interpretations of the meaning of cognition link it to the development of concepts; individual minds, groups, and organizations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CognitionInteracting Role-Model
Pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener. In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance. The ability to understand another speaker's intended meaning is called pragmatic competence. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and comes only through experience.
Example:
Can you lift that box? if you can't decide whether the speaker wants to discover how strong you are (a question) or wants you to move the box (a request).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics
